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Any Putnam funds referenced in the above articles are not available for sale outside the United States.

Services provided by Putnam may not be available in all countries or to all investors. This content is not an offer to any investor who is not qualified under local law.

The views and opinions expressed are those of the fund manager above, are subject to change with market conditions, and are not meant as investment advice.

This material is for informational and educational purposes only. It is not a recommendation of any specific investment product, strategy, or decision, and is not intended to suggest taking or refraining from any course of action. It is not intended to address the needs, circumstances, and objectives of any specific investor. Putnam, which earns fees when clients select its products and services, is not offering impartial advice in a fiduciary capacity in providing this sales and marketing material. This information is not meant as tax or legal advice. Investors should consult a professional advisor before making investment and financial decisions and for more information on tax rules and other laws, which are complex and subject to change.

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In the United States, mutual funds are distributed by Putnam Retail Management.